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tisdag 29 oktober 2013

Minttuöljystä saadaan mentolia

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24054028
Minttu, piparminttu, Menta piperita
Haihtuvasta eteerisestä minttuöljystä voidaan eristää hyvin monta  erilaista  ainesosaa, joilla mainitaan olevan useita edullisia vaikutuksia  ihmiseen.
 http://ecancer.org/journal/7/full/290-antiemetic-activity-of-volatile-oil-from-mentha-spicata-and-mentha-piperita-in-chemotherapy-induced-nausea-and-vomiting.php

Mutta  tämän eteerisen öljyn hyvin korkea mentolipitoisuus on suuressa määrin nautittuna ärsyttävä. Oireina voi olla  jopa  vaikutus tajunnantilaan, kouristuksia, munuaisvauriota.  Myrkytysoireitten hoidossa  kehoitetaan juomaan, jotain mikä laimentaa piparminttuöljyä. REasvaa tulee välttää. Jos tuntuu hengitysoireita, on mentävä sairaalaan. 

Parafiini (vaha)

LÄHDE: Wikipedia

Parafiini on seos lineaarisia hiilivetyjä,  jotka ovat vähintään 20-hiilisiä (C20H42). Se on vahamaista, väritöntä ja hajutonta läpikuultavaa ainetta. Parafiini erotetaan pohjista, jota maaöljyn tislauksessa  jää. Termiä parafiini käytetään myös yleisesti teknisenä nimenä lineaarisille tyydyttyneille hiilivedyille, kun taas haaroittuneet hiilivedyt ovat isoparafiineja ja tyydyttymättömät  ovat olefiineja ( öljyä muodostavia, alkeeneja).



Parafiini on valkoista, haurasta vahaa, joka on hajutonta ja mautonta. Parafiinin sulamispiste on 40–70 celsiusasteen välillä. Parafiini ei liukene veteen,  mutta liukenee  eetteriin, bentseeniin ja joihinkin estereihin.  Koska se on hiilivetyä, se on reagoimatonta, mutta sitä voi polttaa. Se on erittäin hyvä sähköeriste.
Parafiinia käytetään etupäässä kynttilöissä steariinia halvempana vaihtoehtona, mutta myös kankaiden ja muiden huokoisten aineiden kyllästämiseen, sekä kiillotusvahojen ja voiteluaineiden valmistamiseen. Parafiinia käytetään myös fysikaalisissa hoidoissa ja naamioväreissä. Tietyntyyppisten suksien pohjaan laitetaan usein parafiinia luistavuuden lisäämiseksi.
 
Parafiini- eli mineraaliöljy ja petroli ovat raskaista, mutta parafiinivahaa kevyemmistä hiilivedyistä koostuvia nesteitä, esim.lampukoissa käytettyä parafiiniöljyä. Parafiiniöljyä käytetään muun muassa lihmisten ja eläinten  ummetuksen  hoitoon, ja myös puun öljyämiseen, esim. leikkuulaudoissa ja saunan lauteissa. Lauteita öljytessä levittäminen tapahtuu huokoisella sienellä ja ylimääräinen öljy pyyhitään pois. Öljy tukkii puun huokoset ja estää hien ja lian pesiytymisen niihin.
Parafiiniöljyä saa aptekista ja joistakin maatalous - ja rautakaupoista.

Silmälääkärien kirjoittama silmäsalva Oculentum Simplex on parafiinia. 
Huulirasva Lypsyl  on parafiinia.

fredag 11 oktober 2013

CACT entsyymi. Karnitiini-asyylikarnitiinitranslokaasi ja sen vaje

Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Oct-Dec;25(5-6):521-32.

Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects.

Source

Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. mrub@paed.azm.nl

Abstract

The carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) is one of the components of the carnitine cycle. The carnitine cycle is necessary to shuttle long-chain fatty acids  (LCFA)from the cytosol into the intramitochondrial space where mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids takes place.

The oxidation of fatty acids yields acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) units, which may either be degraded to CO(2) and H(2)O in the citric acid cycle to produce ATP or converted into ketone bodies which occurs in liver and kidneys.

Metabolic consequences of a defective CACT are hypoketotic hypoglycaemia under fasting conditions, hyperammonemia, elevated creatine kinase and transaminases, dicarboxylic aciduria, very low free carnitine and an abnormal acylcarnitine profile with marked elevation of the long-chain acylcarnitines.

Clinical signs and symptoms in CACT deficient patients, are a combination of energy depletion and endogenous toxicity. The predominantly affected organs are brain, heart and skeletal muscle, and liver, leading to neurological abnormalities, cardiomyopathy and arrythmias, skeletal muscle damage and liver dysfunction. Most patients become symptomatic in the neonatal period with a rapidly progressive deterioration and a high mortality rate.

 However, presentations at a later age with a milder phenotype have also been reported. The therapeutic approach is the same as in other long-chain fatty acid disorders and includes intravenous glucose (+/- insulin) administration to maximally inhibit lipolysis and subsequent fatty acid oxidation during the acute deterioration, along with other measures such as ammonia detoxification, depending on the clinical features.

 Long-term strategy consists of avoidance of fasting with frequent meals and a special diet with restriction of long-chain fatty acids. Due to the extremely low free carnitine concentrations, carnitine supplementation is often needed.

Acylcarnitine profiling in plasma is the assay of choice for the diagnosis at a metabolite level. However, since the acylcarnitine profile observed in CACT-deficient patients is identical to that in CPT2-deficient patients, definitive identification of CACT-deficiency in a certain patient requires determination of the activity of CACT. Subsequently, mutational analysis of the CACT gene can be performed. So far, 9 different mutations have been identified in the CACT gene.
PMID:
15363639
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

torsdag 10 oktober 2013

Rasvahapon betaoksidatiosta 20 uusinta uutista

Results: 1 to 20 of 5229

1.
Tonazzi A, Mantovani C, Colella M, Terenghi G, Indiveri C.
Neurochem Res. 2013 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
24104610
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Hennebelle M, Plourde M, Chouinard-Watkins R, Castellano CA, Barberger-Gateau P, Cunnane SC.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2013 Oct 9:1-7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
24103099
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Barlow J, Affourtit C.
Biochem J. 2013 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
24099598
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Bjørndal B, Berge C, Ramsvik MS, Svardal A, Bohov P, Skorve J, Berge RK.
Lipids Health Dis. 2013 Oct 7;12(1):143. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
24098955
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Chen Y, Wu J, Tu L, Xiong X, Hu X, Huang J, Xu Z, Zhang X, Hu C, Hu X, Guo A, Wang Y, Chen H.
PLoS One. 2013 Sep 30;8(9):e74507.
PMID:
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J Hepatol. 2013 Oct 1. doi:pii: S0168-8278(13)00684-3. 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.09.024. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
24096051
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Choi YJ, Lee SY.
Nature. 2013 Sep 29. doi: 10.1038/nature12536. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
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PMID:
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Kostapanos MS, Kei A, Elisaf MS.
World J Hepatol. 2013 Sep 27;5(9):470-478. Review.
PMID:
24073298
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Mult Scler. 2013 Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
24067896
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Zhang L, Chu X, Wang H, Xie H, Guo C, Cao L, Zhou X, Wang G, Hao H.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2013 Sep 18. doi:pii: S0014-2999(13)00677-8. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.024. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
24056123
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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J Surg Res. 2013 Aug 30. doi:pii: S0022-4804(13)00770-1. 10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.007. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
24054495
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Front Physiol. 2013 Sep 6;4:244. Review.
PMID:
24046747
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Front Aging Neurosci. 2013 Sep 6;5:48. Review.
PMID:
24046746
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PMID:
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Tetracosahexaenoic acid

Showing metabocard for 6,9,12,15,18,21-Tetracosahexaenoic acid (HMDB13025)

Legend: metabolite field enzyme field


Version
2.5
Creation Date 2009-07-25 01:11:52
Update Date 2010-07-16 15:08:50




Common Name 6,9,12,15,18,21-Tetracosahexaenoic acid
Description 6,9,12,15,18,21-Tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n-3) is one of the n-3 PUFA and is a very long chain fatty acid. Distribution of 24:6n-3 in marine organisms was investigated by several researchers. Takagi et al. reported relatively high contents of 24:6n-3 in sea lilies and brittle stars (4–10% of total fatty acids). High 24:6n-3 content was also found in marine coelenterates. In some edible fishes, 24:6n-3 was detected at significant levels (0–10% of total fatty acids).The existence of 24:6n-3 in mammalian tissues was reported with other very long chain fatty acids in the spermatozoa, the retina, and the brain. Voss et al.reported that 24:6n-3 is formed as an intermediate in the metabolic pathway from 20:5n-3 to 22:6n-3 in rat liver.Even though 24:6n-3 is a PUFA existing in fish and mammalian species, physiological functions of 24:6n-3 have not been studied. As functions to be studied, anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects of 24:6n-3 are noteworthy because these events are known to be closely related to the unsaturated fatty acid metabolism such as in the arachidonic acid cascade, and 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were reported to suppress inflammatory actions by influencing arachidonic acid metabolism 24:6n-3 could inhibit the antigen-stimulated production of LT-related compounds as well as other n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), which are major n-3 PUFA in fish oils; 24:6n-3 was also shown to reduce the histamine content in MC/9 cells at 25 uM (27% reduction from the control), and the effect was diminished with increase of the fatty acid concentration (up to 100 uM). These two n-3 PUFA, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, also reduced the histamine content (16 and 20% reduction at 25 μM, respectively), whereas arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) increased it (18% increase at 25 μM).
Synonyms
  1. all-cis-6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoate
  2. nisinic acid anion
  3. 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoic acid anion
  4. C 24:6 (n-3)
  5. all-cis-6,9,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid
  6. nisinate
  7. 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoate
  8. 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoic acid
Chemical IUPAC Name (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoate
Chemical Formula C24H35O2